These tolerances apply as a universal rule of thumb. Closer tolerances can be obtained depending on part design or the use of special procedures or secondary operations.
CASTING TOLERANCES
Shape and alloy selected will influence accuracies achieved but values given are normally accepted through out the investment casting industry.
Dimension |
Tolerance |
Up to 25 mm |
±0.25mm |
Above 25 mm |
±0.25mm/25mm |
Closer tolerance may be held on selected dimensions following design evaluation.
FLATNESS
Dimensions of casting also affect flatness. Addition of ribs will minimize bowing, twisting and distortion and mechanical straightening will reduce variations where necessary.
Casting Length |
As-Cast |
Corrected |
25 mm |
±0.20 mm |
±0.10 mm |
50 mm |
±0.37 mm |
±0.15 mm |
75 mm |
±0.50 mm |
±0.20 mm |
100 mm |
±0.62 mm |
±0.25mm |
STRAIGHTNESS
There are practical limits to straightness that can be achieved but mechanical straightening can reduce variations.
Casting Length |
As-cost |
Corrected |
25 mm |
±0.50 mm |
±0.25 mm |
50-100 mm |
±0.75 mm |
±0.50 mm |
100-150 mm |
±1.00 mm |
±0.50 mm |
150 mm |
±1.50 mm |
±0.62 mm |
CONCENTRICITY
Concentricity of diameters in a shaft is also a function of straightness. Centers will be concentric within ±0.127 mm per 25 mm of maximum separation. ROUNDNESS-SOLID BARS
Roundness is a function of normal shrinkage variations in the metal. Shrinkage variation increases with diameter and the tolerance required increases proportionately. A general rule of ±0.127 mm per 25 mm may be applied.
ANGLES
As-cast tolerances of angles depend on their location in casting. They range from ± 1/2° for well-supported positions to ± 2° where inherent distortion could be expected. Inclusion of gussets and ribs often minimizes distortion and many sections can be mechanically straightened. HOLE POSITIONING
±0.127 mm per 25 mm from any single reference point.
BLIND HOLES
Blind holes can be cast if length does not exceed the diameter. In nonferrous materials, blind holes under less than 6.5 mm may be cast if length does not exceed twice the diameter.
PARALLEL SECTIONS
Controlling relationship is between length and width of the elements being checked. To establish a specific tolerance range for all combinations would be impossible, but a general tolerance of ±0.254 mm per 25 mm may be used.
MINIMUM SECTION THICKNESS
Wall thickness will depend upon area of casting and alloy selected. The following values are of guide from general experience.
Material |
Minimum wall thickness obtainable |
18/8 stainless steels |
1.62 mm |
25/12 stainless steels |
1.50 mm |
Carbon steels |
2.25 mm |
Cobalt-Chrome alloy |
1.12 mm |
SURFACE FINISH
As-cast finishes will vary with alloy specified but generally fall within the range quoted. For a ground finish, an allowance of 0.25mm should be made.
Metal |
MICRO-INCHES
Average RMS value |
Aluminum |
60-100 |
Beryllium Copper |
60-100 |
Cobalt Chrome |
80-100 |
300 Series Stainless |
90-125 |
Carbon Steel |
90-125 |
400 Series Stainless |
100-125 |
SYMBOLS
Letters, Numbers, etc., can be reproduce in relief or inset.
PROCESS COMPARISON CHART
PROCESS |
Tool
Cost |
Unit
Cost |
Metal
Options |
Design
Freedom |
Volume
Capability |
Draft
Required |
Tolerance
Control |
Size
Range |
Surface
Finish |
Wall
Min. |
Normal
Delivery |
Investment
Cast |
Avg. |
High |
Most |
Most |
All |
No |
Avg. |
Avg. |
Avg. |
Small |
Avg. |
Die Cast |
High |
Low |
Few |
Least |
High |
Yes |
Avg. |
Avg. |
Avg. |
Avg. |
Avg. |
Forging |
High |
Avg. |
Avg. |
Least |
High |
Yes |
Poor |
Avg. |
Poor |
Large |
Long |
Permanent
Mold |
Avg. |
Avg. |
Avg. |
Avg. |
All |
Yes |
Avg. |
Avg. |
Avg. |
Large |
Avg. |
Plaster
Mold |
Low |
High |
Few |
Avg. |
Low |
Yes |
Avg. |
Avg. |
Avg. |
Large |
Short |
Powder
Metal |
Avg. |
Low |
Avg. |
Least |
High |
No |
Best |
Small |
Best |
Small |
Avg. |
Resin Shell
Mold |
Avg. |
Avg. |
Avg. |
Avg. |
All |
Yes |
Avg. |
Avg. |
Poor |
Large |
Avg. |
Sand Cast |
Low |
Avg. |
Most |
Avg. |
All |
Yes |
Poor |
Large |
Poor |
Large |
Short |
|